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/home
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><h2 id="ls-列出目录内容"><a href="#ls-列出目录内容" class="header-anchor">#</a> ls 列出目录内容</h2> <blockquote><p>列出目录内容</p></blockquote> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>ls [选项] [目录或者文件]</li></ul> <p>常用选项</p> <table><thead><tr><th>选项</th> <th>功能</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>-a</td> <td>全部文件，连同隐藏文件（开头为. 的文件）罗列出来</td></tr> <tr><td>-l</td> <td>长数据串列出，包含文件的属性和权限数据</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="language-shell line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@hadoop100 usr<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ls -al</span>
总用量 <span class="token number">168</span>
<span class="token comment"># 每列信息依次是：</span>
<span class="token comment"># 文件类型与权限 连接数 文件属性 文件属组 文件大小byte 建立与更新时间 名称</span>
drwxr-xr-x.  <span class="token number">13</span> root root  <span class="token number">4096</span> <span class="token number">2</span>月  <span class="token number">27</span> 07:35 <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span>
dr-xr-xr-x.  <span class="token number">25</span> root root  <span class="token number">4096</span> <span class="token number">3</span>月   <span class="token number">3</span> <span class="token number">16</span>:17 <span class="token punctuation">..</span>
dr-xr-xr-x.   <span class="token number">2</span> root root <span class="token number">36864</span> <span class="token number">3</span>月   <span class="token number">3</span> 04:48 bin
drwxr-xr-x.   <span class="token number">2</span> root root  <span class="token number">4096</span> <span class="token number">9</span>月  <span class="token number">23</span> <span class="token number">2011</span> etc
drwxr-xr-x.   <span class="token number">2</span> root root  <span class="token number">4096</span> <span class="token number">9</span>月  <span class="token number">23</span> <span class="token number">2011</span> games
drwxr-xr-x.  <span class="token number">37</span> root root  <span class="token number">4096</span> <span class="token number">2</span>月  <span class="token number">27</span> 07:37 include
dr-xr-xr-x.  <span class="token number">32</span> root root  <span class="token number">4096</span> <span class="token number">2</span>月  <span class="token number">27</span> 07:47 lib
<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br></div></div><div class="language-shell line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-shell"><code>可以使用 ll 代替 <span class="token function">ls</span> -al 两者含义相同
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><h2 id="cd-切换目录"><a href="#cd-切换目录" class="header-anchor">#</a> cd 切换目录</h2> <blockquote><p>切换目录</p></blockquote> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>cd [参数]</li></ul> <p>参数说明</p> <table><thead><tr><th>参数</th> <th>功能</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>cd 绝对路径</td> <td>切换路径</td></tr> <tr><td>cd 相对路径</td> <td>切换路径</td></tr> <tr><td>cd ~ 或者 cd</td> <td>切换到自己的家目录</td></tr> <tr><td>cd -</td> <td>回到上一次所在的目录</td></tr> <tr><td>cd ..</td> <td>回到上一级目录</td></tr> <tr><td>cd -P [路径]</td> <td>跳转到实际的物理路径，非快捷键方式路径</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>示例</p> <ul><li>使用绝对路径切换到root目录
<ul><li>cd /root</li></ul></li> <li>使用相对路径到 /root 目录
<ul><li>需要知道该用户目录下哪个目录下，才能完成这个指令，如在/usr/lib</li> <li>cd ../../root</li></ul></li> <li>回到当前目录的上一级目录
<ul><li>cd ..</li></ul></li> <li>回到家目录
<ul><li>cd ~</li> <li>cd</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="mkdir-创建一个新目录"><a href="#mkdir-创建一个新目录" class="header-anchor">#</a> mkdir 创建一个新目录</h2> <blockquote><p>创建一个新的目录</p></blockquote> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>mkdir [选项] 要创建的目录</li></ul> <p>选项</p> <table><thead><tr><th>参数</th> <th>说明</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>-p</td> <td>创建多层目录</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="language-shell line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@hadoop100 home<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># mkdir test01</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@hadoop100 home<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># ll</span>
总用量 <span class="token number">4</span>
drwxr-xr-x. <span class="token number">2</span> root root <span class="token number">4096</span> <span class="token number">3</span>月   <span class="token number">6</span> <span class="token number">23</span>:26 test01
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@hadoop100 home<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># mkdir -p test01/test02/test03</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><h2 id="rmdir-删除一个空的目录"><a href="#rmdir-删除一个空的目录" class="header-anchor">#</a> rmdir 删除一个空的目录</h2> <blockquote><p>remove directory 删除一个空的目录，注意，目录中没有文件可以删除</p></blockquote> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>rmdir [选项] 要删除的空目录</li></ul> <div class="language-shell line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@hadoop100 home<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># rmdir test01/</span>
rmdir: 删除 <span class="token string">&quot;test01/&quot;</span> 失败: 目录非空
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><p>rmdir 删除的是空目录，如果目录下有内容时是无法删除的，如果要删除非空目录，需要使用rm -rf 命令删除</p> <h2 id="touch-创建空文件"><a href="#touch-创建空文件" class="header-anchor">#</a> touch 创建空文件</h2> <blockquote><p>创建空文件，可以同时创建多个</p></blockquote> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>touch 文件名称</li></ul> <div class="language-shell line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">touch</span> test.txt
<span class="token function">touch</span> test01.txt test02.text
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><h2 id="cp-复制文件或目录"><a href="#cp-复制文件或目录" class="header-anchor">#</a> cp 复制文件或目录</h2> <blockquote><p>拷贝文件到指定目录</p></blockquote> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li><p>cp [选项] source dest</p></li> <li><p>复制source文件到dest</p></li></ul> <p>选项</p> <ul><li>-r 递归复制整个文件夹</li></ul> <p>参数说明</p> <table><thead><tr><th>参数</th> <th>功能</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>source</td> <td>源文件</td></tr> <tr><td>dest</td> <td>目标文件</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="language-shell line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token comment"># 复制文件</span>
<span class="token function">cp</span> test.txt test01/test02/
<span class="token comment"># 递归复制整个文件夹</span>
<span class="token function">cp</span> -r test01/ test03/
<span class="token comment"># 强制不提示覆盖的方式使用 \cp</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><h2 id="rm-移除文件或目录"><a href="#rm-移除文件或目录" class="header-anchor">#</a> rm 移除文件或目录</h2> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>rm [选项] 要删除的文件或目录</li></ul> <p>选项</p> <table><thead><tr><th>选项</th> <th>功能</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>-r</td> <td>递归删除目录中的所有内容</td></tr> <tr><td>-f</td> <td>强制执行删除命令，而不提示用户用于确认</td></tr> <tr><td>-v</td> <td>显示指令的详细过程</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="language-shell line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">rm</span> test.txt 
rm：是否删除普通空文件 <span class="token string">&quot;test.txt&quot;</span>？yes

<span class="token function">rm</span> -rfv test03
已删除目录：<span class="token string">&quot;test03/test02/test02&quot;</span>
已删除<span class="token string">&quot;test03/test02/test.txt&quot;</span>
已删除目录：<span class="token string">&quot;test03/test02&quot;</span>
已删除目录：<span class="token string">&quot;test03&quot;</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br></div></div><h2 id="mv-移动文件与目录或重命名"><a href="#mv-移动文件与目录或重命名" class="header-anchor">#</a> mv 移动文件与目录或重命名</h2> <blockquote><p>mv 移动文件 与 目录或重命名</p></blockquote> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>mv oldNameFile newNameFile
<ul><li>重命名</li></ul></li> <li>mv /temp/movefile /targetFolder
<ul><li>移动文件</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="cat-查看内容"><a href="#cat-查看内容" class="header-anchor">#</a> cat 查看内容</h2> <p>cat 查看文件内容，以只读的方式打开</p> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>cat [选项] fileName</li></ul> <p>常用选项</p> <ul><li>-n 显示所有行号，包括空行</li></ul> <p>示例：以cat指令打开文件，并分页显示</p> <div class="language-shell line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token function">cat</span> -n houge.txt <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">more</span> 
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>注意</p> <ul><li>cat只能浏览文件，而不能修改文件，为了浏览方便，一般会带上管道命令 | more</li> <li>cat 文件名 | more [分页浏览]</li></ul> <h2 id="more-文件内容分屏查看"><a href="#more-文件内容分屏查看" class="header-anchor">#</a> more 文件内容分屏查看</h2> <blockquote><p>more 是基于vi编辑器的文本过滤器，以全屏的方式按页显示文本文件的内容
more 内置了若干快捷键</p></blockquote> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>more 要查看的文件</li></ul> <p>快捷键</p> <table><thead><tr><th>操作</th> <th>功能说明</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>space</td> <td>向下翻页</td></tr> <tr><td>enter</td> <td>向下翻一行</td></tr> <tr><td>Ctrl+f</td> <td>向下滚动一屏</td></tr> <tr><td>Ctrl+b</td> <td>向上滚动一屏</td></tr> <tr><td>=</td> <td>输出当前行的行号</td></tr> <tr><td>:f</td> <td>输出文件名和当前行的行号</td></tr> <tr><td>q</td> <td>退出</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="language-shell line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@hadoop100 ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># more smartd.conf</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><h2 id="less-分屏显示文件内容"><a href="#less-分屏显示文件内容" class="header-anchor">#</a> less 分屏显示文件内容</h2> <blockquote><p>用于分屏查看文件内容，比more功能强，less指令在显示文件内容时，不是一次将整个文件加载之后再显示，而是根据需要显示要加载的内容，对于显示大型文件具有较高的效率</p></blockquote> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>less 要查看的文件</li></ul> <p>快捷键</p> <table><thead><tr><th>操作</th> <th>说明</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>space</td> <td>向下翻动一页</td></tr> <tr><td>pagedown</td> <td>向下翻动一页</td></tr> <tr><td>pageup</td> <td>向上翻动一页</td></tr> <tr><td>/字符串</td> <td>向下搜索“字符串”，n：向下查找；N：向上查找</td></tr> <tr><td>?字符串</td> <td>向上搜索“字符串”，n：向上查找；N：向下查找</td></tr> <tr><td>q</td> <td>退出</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="language-shell line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token punctuation">[</span>root@hadoop100 ~<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token comment"># less smartd.conf</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><h2 id="覆盖-与-追加"><a href="#覆盖-与-追加" class="header-anchor">#</a> 覆盖 &gt; 与 追加 &gt;&gt;</h2> <blockquote><p>将显示的文本信息写入到文件中</p></blockquote> <p><code>&gt;</code> 输出重定向，将原来的文件内容覆盖</p> <p><code>&gt;&gt;</code> 追加，不会覆盖原来的内容，追加到文件的尾部</p> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>ls -l &gt; fileName
<ul><li>将显示的内容覆盖写入到fileName文件中，如果该文件不存在，则创建文件</li></ul></li> <li>ls -al &gt;&gt; fileName
<ul><li>将文件内容追加到fileName文件中</li></ul></li> <li>cat file1 &gt; file2
<ul><li>将文件1的内容覆盖文件2</li></ul></li> <li>echo “content” &gt;&gt; fileName
<ul><li>将字符串追加到fileName文件中</li></ul></li></ul> <p>案例</p> <ul><li>将/home目录下的文件列表写入到/home/info.txt中
<ul><li>ls -l /home/ &gt; /home/info.txt</li></ul></li> <li>将当前日历信息追加到/home/mycal 文件中
<ul><li>cal &gt;&gt; /home/mycal</li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="echo-输出内容到控制台"><a href="#echo-输出内容到控制台" class="header-anchor">#</a> echo 输出内容到控制台</h2> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>echo [选项] [输出内容]</li></ul> <p>选项</p> <ul><li>-e 开启转义</li></ul> <p>控制字符</p> <ul><li><code>\\</code>  输出\本身</li> <li><code>\n</code> 换行符</li> <li><code>\t</code> 制表符，Tab键</li> <li><code>&quot;</code> 表示双引号</li> <li><code>\a</code> 发出警告声</li> <li><code>\b</code> 删除前一个字符</li> <li><code>\f</code>换行但光标仍旧停留在原来的位置</li></ul> <p>示例</p> <div class="language-shell line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token comment"># 显示字符串</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> “hello world”
hello world
<span class="token comment"># 可以去除引号</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> hello world
<span class="token comment"># 显示转义符</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">&quot;<span class="token entity" title="\&quot;">\&quot;</span>hello world<span class="token entity" title="\&quot;">\&quot;</span>&quot;</span>
<span class="token string">&quot;hello world&quot;</span>
<span class="token comment"># 在shell中读取变量名</span>
<span class="token function">touch</span> test.sh
<span class="token comment"># 在test.sh 添加如下内容</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">read</span> name
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token variable">$name</span> is <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span>
<span class="token comment"># 执行test.sh</span>
<span class="token function">sh</span> test.sh
hello world <span class="token comment"># 输入</span>
hello world is <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token comment"># 输出</span>
<span class="token comment"># 显示换行</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello <span class="token entity" title="\n">\n</span> world&quot;</span>
hello <span class="token punctuation">\</span>n world
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> -e <span class="token string">&quot;hello <span class="token entity" title="\n">\n</span> world&quot;</span>
hello 
 world
<span class="token comment"># 将结果指定到文件</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello world&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> hello.txt
<span class="token comment"># 显示原始字符串，不进行转义，使用单引号</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">'$name\&quot;'</span>
<span class="token variable">$name</span><span class="token punctuation">\</span>&quot;
<span class="token comment"># 显示命令执行的命令</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span><span class="token function">date</span><span class="token variable">`</span></span> <span class="token comment"># 显示日期</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br></div></div><h2 id="head-显示文件头部信息"><a href="#head-显示文件头部信息" class="header-anchor">#</a> head 显示文件头部信息</h2> <blockquote><p>用于显示文件开头部分内容，默认情况下显示文件的前10行内容</p></blockquote> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>head 文件
<ul><li>查看文件头10行内容</li></ul></li> <li>head -n 5 文件
<ul><li>查看文件头5行内容</li></ul></li></ul> <p>参数</p> <ul><li>-n 指定显示头部内容的行数</li></ul> <h2 id="tail-显示文件尾部信息"><a href="#tail-显示文件尾部信息" class="header-anchor">#</a> tail 显示文件尾部信息</h2> <blockquote><p>用于输出文件中尾部的内容，默认情况下显示文件的后10行内容</p></blockquote> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>tail fileName
<ul><li>查看文件后10行内容</li></ul></li> <li>tail -n 5 fileName
<ul><li>查看文件后5行内容</li></ul></li> <li>tail -f fileName
<ul><li>实时追踪该文档的更新</li></ul></li></ul> <p>参数</p> <ul><li>-n 指定显示头部内容的行数</li> <li>-f 显示文件最新追加的内容，监视文件的变化</li></ul> <h2 id="ln-软连接"><a href="#ln-软连接" class="header-anchor">#</a> ln 软连接</h2> <blockquote><p>符号连接，类似于快捷方式，主要存放了链接的其他文件的路径</p></blockquote> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>ln -s [源文件或目录] [软链接名]
<ul><li>给原文件创建一个软链接</li></ul></li></ul> <p>示例</p> <div class="language-shell line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token operator">&gt;</span>ln -s test01 lntest01
<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>ll
lrwxrwxrwx. <span class="token number">1</span> root root    <span class="token number">6</span> <span class="token number">3</span>月  <span class="token number">12</span> 08:54 lntest01 -<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> test01
<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>cd -P lntest01/ <span class="token comment"># 进入软链接实际的物理路径</span>
<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>rm -rf lntest01
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><p>删除一个软连接</p> <div class="language-sh line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-sh"><code><span class="token function">rm</span> -rf linkName
<span class="token comment"># 删除一个软链接，注意不是linkName/ 否则删除软链接下的文件</span>
<span class="token comment"># 通过ll查看文件属性，第一个属性是l，表示是软链接</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><p>当使用pwd指令查看目录时，仍然看到的是软链接所在的目录</p> <h2 id="history-查看已经执行过历史命令"><a href="#history-查看已经执行过历史命令" class="header-anchor">#</a> history 查看已经执行过历史命令</h2> <blockquote><p>查看已经执行过的历史命令，也可以执行历史指令</p></blockquote> <p>基本语法</p> <ul><li>history</li></ul> <p>应用实例</p> <div class="language-shell line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-shell"><code><span class="token operator">&gt;</span>history
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>显示最近用过的10个指令</p> <div class="language-sh line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-sh"><code><span class="token function">history</span> <span class="token number">10</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>执行历史编号为5的指令</p> <div class="language-sh line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-sh"><code><span class="token operator">!</span><span class="token number">5</span>
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